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CRISPR/CAS9 Technology Opens a New Era in Gene Editing CRISPR/Cas9 is a revolutionary gene editing technique that can modify any region of the genome of any species with high precision and accuracy and it does so without harming other genes. Have you ever wondered how the bacteria defend themselves against viral attacks? Bacteria has got a small RNA sequence in their body which is complimentary to the targeted sequence of DNA from Virus. When virus attack bacteria, the viral DNA is released to bacteria. The short RNA sequence called ‘Guide RNA’ present in bacteria, identifies the viral DNA sequence and binds to it. Bacteria also has a Cas 9 nuclease present inside which then binds to the RNA DNA complex and cleaves the targeted DNA sequence. Scientists have utilised this wonderful mechanism present in Bacteria to perform the following: • Delete a Gene: Undesirable genes can be deleted from the genome, allowing researchers to study the functions specific to the genes and learn about what happens to the cell when these genes are not in the genome • Add a New Gene: Desirable genes can be added into the genome, allowing researchers to study their functions within the cells. These genes can also add new functions to the cell. • Activate Dead Genes: Genes that are essential for various functions, but no longer function, can be reactivated using CRISPR-Cas9 system. • Control Gene Activity Level: Genes are more active than normal can be controlled to produce just the right amount of proteins, which will help maintain balance within the cell under desired conditions. Why CRISPR-Cas 9? • Human Health: The CRISPR-Cas9 system can revolutionize gene therapy and make it possible to treat a large number of diseases that would be impossible to treat without this technique. • New Materials: Manipulating biological circuits using CRISPR-Cas9 will facilitate the generation of synthetic materials that could be useful in various applications, such as oral drug delivery and the production of biosensors. • Drug Development: Engineering cells to optimize a high yield generation of drug precursors in bacterial factories could significantly reduce the cost and accessibility of useful therapeutics • Research Applications: The CRISPR-Cas9 system could allow the creation of new animal and cellular models, which will help us learn more about diseases and test new drugs and vaccines on these models. • Agriculture: CRISPR gene editing tools can edit crops without harming other genes, which will help confer resistance to infections and harsh environments, improving global food security. • Bioenergy: Sustainable and cost-effective biofuels are attractive sources for renewable energy, which could be achieved by creating efficient metabolic pathways for ethanol production in algae or corn.

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